Urar n lmaziyya deg rulit
Urar n lmaziyya deg rulit: ayen yettwaɛerḍen s tidet, d wayen yeḍran.
Kraḍ n tarrayin n urar n lmaziyya deg rulit i yeɣelben iḍebsiyen n tidet: aseqdec n umyal yettwaktazlen, aktazal n tkurt s yibenk, d (tidrit) aseqdec n tannumi n yikrupiyen. Akk sran aḍebsi n tidet, tamuɣli teɣzifen, u ass-a ttwaḥebsent neɣ ttwagedlent.
Urar n umyal
Arut igiman n tuzzyiwin seg yiwen n uḍebsi, afet tixxaminibenkanTaxxamtYiwet seg 37 n texxamin s wuṭṭunen ɣef uqerru yettezzin. Daɣen: slot, cup.Ɣer akk → neɣ tigezminaḍebsiTagzemtAḥric n texxamin yemmeḍfaren ɣef uḍebsi, mačči d tagrumma ɣef tfelwit.Ɣer akk → i yeɣlin ugar n 1/37, rhent fell-asent, rebḥet alamma tefaq lkazinu. Joseph Jagger yexdem-it deg Monte Carlo ɣer 1880, u Richard Jarecki deg Sanremo deg yiseggasen n 1960. Tawacult García-Pelayo texdem-it qrib n Madrid deg tazwara n yiseggasen n 1990, s wazal n 5 000 n tuzzyiwin yettwarun i yal aḍebsi d wahil i d-snulfan s yiman-nsen. Lkazinu tegdel-iten, tanbaḍt tesfesex agdel-nni, u deg 2004 Lmeḥkama Tafellayt teqbel belli tamuɣli ɣer uḍebsi d urehhen ɣef wayen i d-yesskan ur yerẓi ula d yiwen ulugen n wurar. Urar n umyal ass-a yettwaɣleb s uḥraz n yal ass n yiḍebsiyen d ubeddel n yiqerra n yiḍebsiyenibenkanAqerru n uḍebsiYiwen unamek d rotor: aḥric yettezzin i yeṭṭfen uṭṭunen.Ɣer akk → gar tqebcinibenkanTaqbuctAḥric n berra n uḍebsi ur nettembiwil: iri n usɣar neɣ n tɣawsa yemxalaḍen i yeṭṭfen abrid n tkurt d tama yeknan, anda yettezzi uqerru.Ɣer akk →.
Jagger, Monte Carlo. Amyal. Yerbeḥ ayla meqqren; lkazinu tessembiwil iḍebsiyen-is, syin tbeddel-iten.
Thorp d Shannon bnan aselkim yettwalsan i uktazal n tkurt d uqerru. Yedda deg tnarit; ifilen rẓen deg tzeqqa.
Eudaemons. Iselkimen umḍinen yeffren deg Nevada, d imezwura ttwalsen ddaw yiɣzer, syin ttwabnan deg yisebbaḍen. Lmaziyya d tidet, ibenkan ur ṭṭifen ara, asenfar yekfa.
Tawacult García-Pelayo. Amyal, qrib n Madrid. Rebḥen, ttwagedlen; lmeḥkamat sfesxen agdel deg 2004.
Kraḍ n yimuraren deg Ritz, London, rebḥen £1,3 n yimelyunen deg sin n yiḍan s urehhen deffir wakud ɣef tigezmin i ḥesben uqbel. Ineqqisen n tiɣmisin ɣef yibenk n laser werǧin ttwasbeggnen; ulac acetki u ḥerzen idrimen.
Small d Tse ssuffɣen tafizikt: lmaziyya n kra n yifmiḍiyen deg tegnatin n tnarit s tmuɣli meṛṛa d rrhun deffir wakud.
Istudyuten srid mdlen rrhun deg uḍeqqer. Ibenkan d lǧerma deg tuget n tmura. Iḍebsiyen ttwaktazalen s wahil.
Joseph Jagger: tastratijit n rulit deg Monte CarloRichard Jarecki: anagraw n rulitGonzalo García-Pelayo: anagraw n rulit
Ibenkan n tifin uqbel
Seg tmudemt tamezwarut n Thorp d Shannon n 1961 ɣer yiselkimen yeffren n Eudaemons ɣer yimeḍfaren s tkamiṛat n tilifun deg yiseggasen n 2000, tikti d yiwet: aktazal n tkurtibenkanTakurtTakurt tamecṭuḥt i yettwaḍeqqren deg ubrid mgal aqerru yettezzin. Tikurin n tura d ivorine neɣ d Teflon, 18–21 mm.Ɣer akk → d uqerru yettezzinibenkanAqerru yettezzin (rotor)Aḥric n uḍebsi yettezzin i yeṭṭfen tixxamin.Ɣer akk → deg umecwar n ubrid, asiḍen n tenqiḍt n uɣelli, asers n rrehn ɣef tegzemt. Tafizikt tetteddu. Lmaziyya seg kra n yifmiḍiyen ɣer kra n tmerwin n yifmiḍiyen tettwanna deg tegnatin yelhan. Uguren n tilawt d laman n yibenkan, tuttra n urehhen deffir uḍeqqer, d usaḍuf: lkazinu gedlent ibenkan, tuget n tmura rrant-ten d lǧerma, u istudyuten srid mdlen rrhun send ad teɛḍel tkurt.
Tizmamin n ukrupi
Tadabit, i wumi qqaren daɣen aktazal n uḍebsi, yeqqaren belli aḍeqqer n ukrupi yemṣada akken ilaq i wakken ad tettwassen uqbel tegzemt n uɣelli ɣef tenqiḍt n uḍeqqer. Yezmer ad yili s tiẓri, ur yettwasbeggen ara deg yisefka yettwasuffɣen, u yettwaḥareb s usuter i yikrupiyen ad beddlen d ubeddel-nsen yal azgen n usrag. Yesɛa asebter-is. Tiḥila tedda daɣen s tama nniḍen: iḍebsiyen n lɣecc n lqern wis 19 sɛan yal lḥiḍ n texxamtibenkanLḥiḍ n taxxamtLḥiḍ n wuzzal gar snat n texxamin ɣef uḍebsi.Ɣer akk → wis sin yuli drus, ihi akrupiimdanenAkrupiBab n ṭṭabla n rulit, i yettsellifen urar.Ɣer akk → i iwalan anwa yini yesɛan drus n yedrimen yezmer ad t-yesfernu s tnila n tuzzya.
Ayen d-yeqqimen
I uḍebsi yettwaḥerzen deg lkazinu neɣ deg ustudyu s turagt, ulac ayen yetteddun seg ukursi n umurar. Inagrawen n rrhun werǧin ddan; tigezmi n Tistratijiyin tesskan acuɣer. Amyal yesra lɛib ur t-tufi ara lkazinu d amezwaru. Aktazal yesra ibenkan i tegdel lkazinu d wakud n rrhunsridAkud n rrhunAkud n tunnḍa srid i deg ttwaqeblen rrhun, yettwaḥesb sɣur uqeddac n wurar, yettban d asmiḍen ɣer deffir.Ɣer akk → i yemdel ustudyu. Tanarit tella akken ad d-tini aya s yimḍanen, mačči akken ad d-tesfehhem ayen nniḍen s tuffra.
Addad n usaḍuf
Urar n umyal s tmuɣli d asaḍufan qrib deg yal amkan; lkazinu ttarrent s ugdel, d azref-nsent. Ibenkan iliktrunanen n tifin uqbel ttwagedlen s ufrayan s usaḍuf deg Nevada, deg Tagelda Yedduklen, deg tuget n Tamunt Tawrupit d Ustralya, s yiɛiqeb n lǧerma. Urar s tzmamt n ukrupi d asaḍufan u ur yetteddu ara. Taluft n Ritz n 2004 d rrbeḥ ameqqran aneggaru yettwassnen; imuraren ḥerzen idrimen, u Gambling Act 2005 syin akkin ibeddel lǧerma taqdimt n lɣecc s tin yehrawen ugar ur nettwaɛreḍ ara mgal tifin uqbel s tiṭ.
Acuɣer asmel ɣef rulit yeqqar aya
Acku tifrat nniḍen d aǧǧu n umeɣri ad yamen belli yella deg kra n wadeg tarrayt, d tabaḍnit n wamek ara yaf lmaziyya deg rulit, u ad ikemmel ad ixelleṣ 2,70% mi ara yettnadi fell-as. Talɣa n tidet n Tnarit d tin i yessefhamen tafizikt akken iwata armi ameɣri yezmer ad iwali anda tettwaxdam tegacurt d acuɣer tesɛa laman.
Isteqsiyen
S tiẓri. S tidet, ajmaɛ n yisefka yettawi akud ugar n tunnḍa n uḥraz.
Taḍsa i usgunfu
Tafizikt teɣleb aḍebsi kra n tikkal. Aḍebsi yuɣal ibeddel iman-is.
Iɣbula
- Bass, T. A. The Eudaemonic Pie.
- Thorp, E. O. “Optimal gambling systems for favorable games.”
- Thorp, E. O. The Mathematics of Gambling.
- Thorp, E. O. “The invention of the first wearable computer.”
- Small, M. & Tse, C. K. “Predicting the outcome of roulette.”
- Barnhart, R. T. Beating the Wheel.
- Bollman, M. Mathematics of the Big Four Casino Table Games: Blackjack, Baccarat, Craps, & Roulette.
- Chellel, K. “The Gambler Who Beat Roulette.”
- Goldman, N. Great Gambling Scams.