Akayad χ² (chi-square)

Asiḍen-is

Asiḍen yettwaṛǧan i yal taxxamtibenkanTaxxamtYiwet seg 37 n texxamin s wuṭṭunen ɣef uqerru yettezzin. Daɣen: slot, cup.Ɣer akk → d n/37. I yal taxxamt, sbeddet amgired gar wayen yettwalan d wayen yettwaṛǧan s umkuẓ u bḍut-t ɣef wayen yettwaṛǧan; rnut 37 n yimuren. Aḍebsi imsawi yettak azalen n wazal n 36 s ulemmas (tifesniwin n tlellitanaritTifesniwin n tlelliAmḍan n yizalen imanayen deg yiwen usiḍen adaddan. I wakayad χ² ɣef 37 n texxamin d 36, acku imiḍanen ilaq ad msawin d tmerna.Ɣer akk →), s ubeɛɛed alugan (SD)tusnaktAbeɛɛed aluganAẓar amkuẓ n tavaryans; ameccaq n umata gar ugmuḍ d wazal yettwaṛǧan.Ɣer akk → n wazal n 8,5. Sennig n 51,0 d adaddan s uswir n 5%; sennig n 58,6 s 1%. Amesleḍ n umyal n uḍebsi yessiḍin azal n ukayad d wazal ptanaritAzal pTaprubabilit n wannar n yiwen umeẓlay ameqqran am win yettwaẓren neɣ ugar ma yella uḍebsi imsawi.Ɣer akk → uṣlib seg twuri gamma ur nemmid ara yettwasnemhel.

Amedya yettwaxedmen

1 000 n tuzzyiwin. Sḍis u tlatin n texxamin ɣlint gar 20 d 34 n tikkal; taxxamt 8 teɣli 41 n tikkal. Ayen yettwaṛǧan d 27,03. Amur n texxamt 8 iman-is d (41 − 27,03)²/27,03 = 7,2. Ad nini belli 36 n yimuren nniḍen sdukklen 38 (d amagnu). χ² = 45,2 s 36 df, p ≈ 0,14. Mačči d adaddan: aḍebsi imsawi yexeddem aya yiwet n tikkelt seg sa. Taxxamt 8 d tin ara yettwaɛassen, mačči d tifin, u tiririt d agim nniḍen n tuzzyiwin.

Tidabiyin

Tuzzyiwin timanayintusnaktTuzzyiwin timanayinYal tuzzya ɣur-s tiprubabiliyin kif kif, ama d acu i d-yeffɣen yakan. D tagejdit n yal asiḍen deg usmel-a.Ɣer akk →, d yisiḍen yettwaṛǧan n ma drus 5 i yal taxxamt, ayen yebɣan n ≥ 185 akken akayad ad yeṣḥu kan, u ugar aṭas akken ad yenfeɛ. Asdukkel n tuzzyiwin n waṭas n yiḍebsiyen yerẓa tadabit tamezwarut s lmeɛna (tsekyadem taxlaḍt, mačči aḍebsi). Tazmamt n ukrupi ad tt-terẓ s tidet, u ad tessali χ² war ma tella texxamt yettwafernen s tfizikt.

Tazmamt n ukrupiTuzzyiwin timanayin n rulit

Pearson d Monte Carlo

Karl Pearson yessuffeɣ akayad deg 1900, u yiwen seg yimedyaten-is imezwura d 26 306 n tuzzyiwin n rulit n Monte Carlo yettwarun, i yufa ur nemsawa ara aṭas akken ad tent-id-tawi tegnit, u yenna belli «rulit n Monte Carlo… mačči d urar n zzher». Imaruyen i d-yusan deffir-s ufan belli inaɣmasen i yuran tuzzyiwin i yiwet n teɣmist snulfan-d aṭas seg-sent, d tamsirt s yiman-is ɣef laṣel n yisefka.

Rulit n Monte Carlo

Akayad n tidet: iḍebsiyen iwurmanen deg Las Vegas

Imuraren s waṭas ttwalin belli aḍebsi awurman yessbeɛɛad takurtibenkanTakurtTakurt tamecṭuḥt i yettwaḍeqqren deg ubrid mgal aqerru yettezzin. Tikurin n tura d ivorine neɣ d Teflon, 18–21 mm.Ɣer akk → seg rrhun imeqqranen. Tasleḍt n 2017 tesekyed ccekk-a ɣef yiḍebsiyen n Interblock war akrupi s sin yilmawenaḍebsiIlemTaxxamt tazegzawt tasuft ur yeṭṭif ula d yiwen n rrehn s lexlaṣ imsawi, n ddzina neɣ n tgejdit; d aɣbalu n lmaziyya n lkazinu. Daɣen: yiwen yilem, 0.Ɣer akk → deg Las Vegas, s rrehn ɣef tegzemt n semmus n wuṭṭunen yemlalen, d anaw n rrehn i yexeddem win yettaktazalen aḍebsi. Deg 299 n tuzzyiwin, tagzemt terbeḥ 29 n tikkal mgal 39,3 yettwaṛǧan, d axuṣṣ i d-yettak uḍebsi imsawi azal n 4% n tikkal. Chi-square ɣef 38 n texxamin meṛṛa d 45,29 s 37 n tfesniwin n tlelli: p = 16,5%. Tagrumma tis snat n 1 204 n tuzzyiwin ɣef kraḍ n yiḍebsiyen tefka-d χ² = 34,79, p = 57%, u ula d yiwet n tegzemt n yal tiddi yettwasekyden ur tella d tadaddant. Snat n tegrummiwin akk, 1 503 n tuzzyiwin, fkant-d χ² = 41,75, p = 27%. Agmuḍ: ulac abeggen belli aḍebsi yettḥakam deg tkurt. Tagrumma tamezwarut iman-is tettban-d d tin yesɛan ccekk; d tis snat i yefran.

Beṛṛa n chi-square

I yiwet n texxamt yesɛan ccekk, akayad abinumyal yeǧhed ugar. I tegzemt yesɛan ccekk, akayad z n tegzemtaḍebsiTagzemtAḥric n texxamin yemmeḍfaren ɣef uḍebsi, mačči d tagrumma ɣef tfelwit.Ɣer akk → deg usebter n tesleḍt n tigezmin. Chi-square d akayad amatu: yeqqar-awen-d belli yella kra ur yeṣḥin ara war ma yenna-d d acu. Sseqdacet-it d amezwaru, syin walit.

Tasleḍt n tigezmin

Tasemselt

Isteqsiyen