Amezruy n rulit
Amezruy n rulit yezga-d deg tarmit n tfizikt ur neddi ara, deg tzeqqa n wurar n Paris, ɣer sin watmaten deg tmdint n waman iḥman n Lalman, ar lkazinu i yerran yiwet n texxamt tazegzawt d alugen n Urupa.
Uqbel aḍebsi
- 1654
Pascal d Fermat: ugur n tneqqiḍin; azal yettwaṛǧan.
Azal yettwaṛǧan deg rulit - 1655Aḍebsi war iswi
Blaise Pascal, mi yettnadi ɣef tmacint n umussu ur nfennu, yebna aḍebsi yettezzin s ttawazun. Tamacint ur teddi ara; aḍebsi yeqqim d allal yettezzin qrib war aḥukku, yettban d agacuran.
Blaise Pascal: tamucuha n uḍebsi n rulit - 1657
Huygens yessufeɣ-d adlis amezwaru ɣef wazal yettwaṛǧan.
- 1713
Jakob Bernoulli, Ars Conjectandi: alugen n wuṭṭunen imeqqranen.
Amlili deg uɣawas aɣezfan: alugen n wuṭṭunen imeqqranen deg rulit - Iseggasen 1740Roly-poly d E.O.
Ixxamen n wurar n Ingliz zzin iḍebsiyen s texxamin tiyugin d tiryanin. Uraren-a ttwagedlen aṭas n tikkal, ayen yessawḍen tiwsatin-nsen ɣer Urupa.
Anwa i d-yesnulfan rulit? Aẓar n rulit - 1754
d’Alembert yessufeɣ-d tuccḍa i yettwasemman syin ɣer sdat s yisem-is am unagraw.
Tastratijit D'Alembert - 1758
Faransa Tamaynut (Quebec) tegdel zzhaṛ, hoca, faro d «roulette»: d yiwen seg yisemmaden imezwura n yisem-a i wurar n lqmer.
- Iseggasen 1760
«Martingale» tekcem imawalen n tefransist d awal n lqmer.
Tastratijit Martingale
Urar
- 1796Paris, Palais-Royal
Ungal La Roulette n Jaques Lablée yeglem-d aḍebsi s snat n texxamin n lkazinu, 0 d 00, deg uxxam n wurar deg Palais-Royal. D aglam ummid aqdim akk n wurar atrar.
Rulit deg tsekla - Iseggasen 1800
Iḍebsiyen imarikaniyen rnan taxxamt n yigider: kraḍ n wuṭṭunen i lkazinu.
Rulit tamarikanit: aḍebsi d yilugan - 1837
Faransa tegdel lkazinu; urar iɛedda ɣer temdinin n waman iḥman n Lalman.
- 1841
Atmaten Blanc ṭṭfen turagt n Bad Homburg.
François Blanc - 1843Bad Homburg
François d Louis Blanc ldin lkazinu deg tmdint-nni n waman iḥman n Lalman, kksen ilem wis sin. Aḍebsi s yiwen yilem yebḍa lmaziyya n lkazinu ɣef sin, yejbed imuraren seg tmdinin nniḍen.
Bad Homburg d lkazinu n yimdinen n waman iḥman - 1863Monte Carlo
Mi yettwagdel lqmer deg Lalman meṛṛa, Blanc yeṭṭef lkazinu n Munaku i yellan deg uɣbel. Monte Carlo tuɣal d tamudemt n rulit tawrupit; yiwen yilem d alugen-is.
Rulit n Monte Carlo - 1866
Dostoevsky, Amqemmer.
Roulettenburg n Dostoevsky - 1868
Abrid n tmacint seg Nice ar Monte Carlo.
Casino de Monte-Carlo - 1869
Monaco tekkes tabzert ɣef wedrim n uxeddim.
- 1872
Prussia tmedel lkazinu n Lalman.
Imuraren d yikayaden
- Iseggasen 1870
Labouchère yerra anagraw n usefsex d win yettwassnen deg London.
Tastratijit Labouchère - qrib 1880Aḍebsi n Jagger
Joseph Jagger, amseṭṭeṛ n yiceṭṭiḍen seg Yorkshire, yessaru-d igmaḍ n yiḍebsiyen n Monte Carlo u yerhen ɣef wuṭṭunen i d-yeffɣen aṭas. Yerbeḥ aṭas n yedrimen; lkazinu tesmutti iḍebsiyen-is, syin tbeddel-iten.
Joseph Jagger: tastratijit n rulit deg Monte Carlo - 1891Argaz i yesserẓen lbanka
Charles Wells yessuffeɣ ijiṭunen n ṭṭabla aṭas n tikkal deg kra n wussan, ayen i d-yessulin tizlit n music-hall. Inadiyen ur d-ufin ara anagraw, ala zzher, syin lɣecc deg wadeg nniḍen.
Argaz i yesserẓen lbanka - 1900
Pearson yessufeɣ-d akayad χ² s yisefka n tuzzyiwin n Monte Carlo.
Akayad χ² (chi-square) - 1907
Faransa terra lkazinu d asaḍuf tikkelt nniḍen deg temdinin n waman iḥman d tid n yiri n lebḥer.
- 1913
26 n yiberkanen wa deffir wa deg Monte Carlo.
Tuccḍa n umqemmer - 1931
Nevada terra lqmer n lkazinu d asaḍuf.
Iḍebsiyen n rulit n Las Vegas - Iseggasen 1940
Ulam d von Neumann semman tarrayt Monte Carlo.
- 1953
Fleming, Casino Royale: Bond yerhen ɣef snat n ddzinat deg rulit.
Tastratijit James Bond - 1961
Thorp d Shannon bnan aselkim amezwaru n rulit yettwalsan.
Iselkimen n rulit - 1965
Dubins d Savage sbeggnen belli urar n tebɣest d win yelhan akk deg wuraren ur nelli d n lḥeqq.
- 1969
Tasleḍt n Thorp tessegzi acuɣer ulac anagraw n rrhun ara yeɣlben urar s wazal yettwaṛǧan ddaw n yilem.
Lexrafa: tastratijit n rulit i yettrebḥen yal tikkelt - 1977–81
Iselkimen yeffren n Eudaemons deg Nevada: ddaw uɣil deg 1978, deg yiwen usebbaḍ deg 1981.
The Eudaemons - 1985
Nevada tegdel s lqanun ibenkan n tifin uqbel n ugmuḍ. Bass yessufeɣ-d The Eudaemonic Pie.
Lɣecc deg rulit
Urar n tura
- Tasut wis 20Seg tmdinin n waman iḥman ɣer yigdilen
Rulit tedda ɣer Las Vegas s yilem wis sin i d-yuɣalen, syin ɣer ṭṭabliyat RNG deg Internet deg yiseggasen n 1990 d yiḍebsiyen n ustudyu yettwaznen srid deg yiseggasen n 2000.
Rulit tawrupit d rulit tamarikanit - Iseggasen 1990
Twacult García-Pelayo tesseqdec iḍebsiyen s umyal qrib n Madrid; ttwagedlen; lmeḥkama tekkes agdel (2004).
Gonzalo García-Pelayo: anagraw n rulit - 1996
Lkazinu imezwura deg Internet s rulit RNG.
Rulit srid d rulit RNG - 2003–06
Rulit s ukrupi srid tettwaɛedday-d srid seg yistudyuyen; Riga d Malta uɣalent d ammasen.
Amek tteddu rulit srid - 2004
Tarbaɛt n Ritz terbeḥ £1,3 n yimelyunen s tifin uqbel n wanda ara teḥbes tkurt; laser i d-qqaren ur d-yettwaf ara; ulac tuhma.
Urar n lmaziyya deg rulit - 2005
UK Gambling Act: turagt tummidt i lqmer seg ubeɛɛud.
Rulit deg Tagelda Yedduklen - 2012
Small d Tse ssufɣen-d tafizikt n tifin uqbel n ugmuḍ n rulit.
Tafizikt n uḍebsi n rulit - 2013
New Jersey teldi lkazinu deg Internet s yilugan.
Rulit deg Marikan - 2016
Rulit s kraḍ yilmawen deg Strip n Las Vegas.
Rulit s kraḍ yilmawen - 2018
Agdel afidiral n rrhun n waddal deg Marikan yettwakkes; tiwilayin ttarunt ilugan-nsent.
- 2021
Lalman d Tmura n Wadda fkant turagt i wuraren n lkazinu deg Internet.
Rulit deg Urupa - 2026
Asmel-a: akk izemziyen n uksawen, s leḥsab-nsen.
Yiwen ujerriḍ i yesɛan azal
Deg sin n tsutiwin d uzgen, assaɣ n rulit ibeddel yiwet n tikkelt i lfayda n umurar (1843, yettwakkes yiwen yilem) d snat n tikkal mgal-as (igider deg yiseggasen 1800, kraḍ yilmawen deg 2016). Ayen nniḍen meṛṛa, inagrawen, iselkimen, istudyuyen, tifawin, ǧǧan leḥsab akken i t-yufa Lablée: 36/n − 1 mgal aḍebsi s yiwet n texxamt ugar n wanect-a.
Isteqsiyen
Win n Pascal. Tirmiyin-is s uḍebsi d tidet; assaɣ-nsent d rulit d ayen kan i d-yettwawin seg zik.
Deg tasut 19; amyizwer n Urupa i yettwasqedcen ass-a yella d alugan di tallit n Monte Carlo.
Ahat d win n yilugan. Aḍebsi yekfa.
Taḍsa i usgunfu
Sin n tsutiwin d uzgen, yiwen usnerni, sin n tuɣalin ɣer deffir, aṭas n tqsiḍin.
Iɣbula
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.
- Bass, T. A. The Eudaemonic Pie.
- Thorp, E. O. “Optimal gambling systems for favorable games.”
- Chellel, K. “The Gambler Who Beat Roulette.”
- Shelley, R. Roulette Wheel Study.