Anwa i d-yesnulfan rulit? Aẓar n rulit
Aṭas n yiḍebsiyen, yiwen yisem, d yiwet n temdint i t-yuran deg taggara.
Ulac win yettwarun belli d netta i d-yesnulfan rulit. Urar akken i t-nessen yettban-d deg Paris deg taggara n tasut wis 18: yesdukkel aḍebsi yettezzin n wuraren yezwaren d tfelwit n rrhun yettwaṭṭfen seg wuraren n ṭṭabla n Ṭelyan d Ingriz.
Lejdud
Kraḍ n wuraren iqburen i d-yefkan iḥricen. Iḍebsiyen ingliziyen E.O. («even-odd», uyug-aryan) n yiseggasen 1740 sɛan aḍebsi yettezzin s ṛebɛin n texxaminibenkanTaxxamtYiwet seg 37 n texxamin s wuṭṭunen ɣef uqerru yettezzin. Daɣen: slot, cup.Ɣer akk → s tira E neɣ O, d tkurtibenkanTakurtTakurt tamecṭuḥt i yettwaḍeqqren deg ubrid mgal aqerru yettezzin. Tikurin n tura d ivorine neɣ d Teflon, 18–21 mm.Ɣer akk → i ttḍeggiren fell-as; ttwagedlen deg 1745, maca imdanen kemmlen ttiraren yis-sen ula d akka. Roly-poly, d urar ingliz yezwaren, yella yecba-yasen. Urar n lluṭu n Ṭelyan biribi, qqaren yebda deg Genova ɣer 1750, yettwassnen deg Faransa s yisem cavagnole, yesseqdac tafelwit n 70 n wuṭṭunen ɣef ttrehnen yimuraren d yiwen uqrab i seg d-ttekksen yiwen wuṭṭun; uṭṭun yerbḥen yettarra-d 64 n tikkal adrim n rrehn, rrehn deg-s (63 ɣef 1), ihi bab n wedrim yettaṭṭaf 6 seg yal 70 n yiferdisenidrimenAferdisRrehn agejdan s wacu i yettxeddem unagraw neɣ amurar. Inagrawen n usnerni ttwaglamen s yiferdisen akken ad ilin i yal ṭṭabla.Ɣer akk → yettwarehnen, d lmaziyya n 8,57%. Casanova, i t-yurar deg yiseggasen 1760, yenna-d d urar n yiɣeccacen, Faransa tegdel-it deg 1837. Yefka-d tikti n tfelwitibenkanTafelwit n rrhunAẓeṭṭa n rrhun yettwarun ɣef ṭṭabla. Daɣen: ṭṭabla, tajellabt, aceṭṭiḍ.Ɣer akk → n wuṭṭunen s lexlaṣidrimenLexlaṣAyen i d-yettak rrehn i yerbḥen, yettwanna «X ɣef 1» nnig rrehn i d-yettuɣalen.Ɣer akk → meqqren. Hoca, i yettwaurar deg lqser n ugellid n Faransa deg yiseggasen 1600, yesɛa tlatin n wuṭṭunen d lmaziyya n lkazinutusnaktLmaziyya n lkazinuAḥric n yal rrehn i teṭṭef lkazinu s ulemmas: 2,70% deg rulit tawrupit.Ɣer akk → yebnan ɣef texxamin yettwaḥerzen. Ula d yiwen seg-sen ur yelli d rulit; s lǧameɛ-nsen d imawlan-is.
Hoca deg lqser n ugellid n Faransa: tlatin n wuṭṭunen, tixxamin n lkazinu. Yettwagdel sɣur Louis XIV, yettwaurar ula d akka.
Biribi deg Ṭelyan d Faransa: tafelwit s wuṭṭunen, uṭṭun yettwakkes seg uqrab, lexlaṣ meqqren.
Iḍebsiyen E.O. deg yixxamen n wurar n Ingriz: aḍebsi yettezzin, takurt, uyug neɣ aryan. Ttwagedlen deg 1745.
Paris tesdukkel aḍebsi d tfelwit s wuṭṭunen. 0 d 00 i sin d tixxamin n lkazinu.
Urar n Palais-Royal i yeglem wungal n Lablée (1801) s telqayt i yettwassnen.
Anda i d-tettwasnulfa rulit? Deg Paris, send 1796
Ungal La Roulette, ou le Jour n Jaques Lablée, yeffɣen deg 1801, yeglem-d aḍebsi deg Palais-Royal deg 1796 s wuṭṭunen seg 1 ar 36, ilemaḍebsiIlemTaxxamt tazegzawt tasuft ur yeṭṭif ula d yiwen n rrehn s lexlaṣ imsawi, n ddzina neɣ n tgejdit; d aɣbalu n lmaziyya n lkazinu. Daɣen: yiwen yilem, 0.Ɣer akk → azeggaɣrrehnAzeggaɣRrehn s lexlaṣ imsawi ɣef 18 n wuṭṭunen izeggaɣen. S tefransist: rouge.Ɣer akk → d yilem wis sintawsitSin yilmawenTaxxamt 00 n uḍebsi amarikani. Mi ara tili, lmaziyya n lkazinu tettali seg 2,70% ɣer 5,26%.Ɣer akk → aberkanrrehnAberkanRrehn s lexlaṣ imsawi ɣef 18 n wuṭṭunen iberkanen. S tefransist: noir.Ɣer akk → yettwaḥerzen i lkazinu, d tfelwit s rrhun igensanen d rrhun izɣarayenrrehnRrehn azɣarayRrehn ɣef yiferdisen i d-yezzin i uẓeṭṭa: ddzinat, tigejda d rrhun s lexlaṣ imsawi.Ɣer akk → akken llan ass-a, qrib. D aglam amezwaru ummid, yerna d urar n tura yakan. Palais-Royal yella d taɣiwant n lqmer n Paris, s turagt d tbazrin, alamma d agdel n 1837 i yessuffɣen urar ɣer temdinin n waman iḥman n Lalman.
Bad Homburg d lkazinu n yimdinen n waman iḥmanRrhun igensanen d rrhun izɣarayen deg rulit
Isem
Roulette s tefransist d «aḍebsi amecṭuḥ». Awal-a yettwasqedac i wuraren nniḍen n uḍebsi uqbel ad yeqqim ɣef wa: alugen n 1758 n Faransa Tamaynut, tamnaḍt n Faransa ɣef St Lawrence, yegdel yakan «zzhaṛ, hoca, faro d roulette», akken i d-yenna Shelley (1988), war ma yenna-d amek tella rulit-nni. Deg yiɣbula imezwura s teglizit, urar-a tikwal yettwasemma «roulet» neɣ yettwaglem d «E.O. n Faransa». Deg yiseggasen 1820, «roulette» tebɣa ad d-tini yiwen wurar kan deg yal amkan n Urupa.
Sin yilmawen
Iḍebsiyen imezwura n Paris sɛan 0 d 00, ayen yefkan i lkazinu lmaziyya n 5,26% ɣef uḍebsi s 38 n texxamin. Aḍebsi s yiwen yilem d tikti n tnezzut n watmaten Blanc deg Bad Homburg deg 1843, akken ad d-jebden imuraren seg temdinin n waman iḥman tiyaḍ. Aḍebsi amarikani yeǧǧa sin yilmawen imi urar yewweḍ ɣer Marikan uqbel abeddel, yerna ulac din amnafsu ara yesnusen ssuma. Kra n yiḍebsiyen imarikaniyen imezwura rnan ugar: yiwet n tfelwit n tasut wis 19 tesɛa kan uṭṭunen seg 1 ar 28 s 0, 00 d yigider, txelleṣ yiwen wuṭṭun 27 i 1, d lmaziyya n 12,90%, tettaṭṭaf 9,68% ɣef tgejdarrehnTagejditTnac n wuṭṭunen deg yiwet n tgejdit tubdidt n tfelwit, ixelleṣ 2:1.Ɣer akk → d yiniten. Ur teṭṭul ara.
Acuɣer teṭṭef tamurt
Rulit ur tesri ara tamusni, tettfakk yal tasdat, yerna tettaǧǧa yal amḍan n yimuraren ad rehnen yiwet n tikkelt mgal lkazinu ur nezmir ara ad texser deg uɣawas aɣezfan. I umsefrak n lkazinu d urar yelhan akk: d arurad, d afessas, yettimɣur, yettak rrbeḥ s ufmiḍi yettwassnen. I tewdawla, yezmer ad yettwaxelleṣ fell-as tabzert. Urar yeḍfer idrimen d turagin seg Paris ɣer Homburg ɣer Monaco ɣer yal amkan.
Rulit n Monte CarloAmlili deg uɣawas aɣezfan: alugen n wuṭṭunen imeqqranen deg rulit
Ayen ur nbeddel ara
Tafelwit, lexlaṣ (36/n − 1), amyizwer yettwasbedden n tunnḍa d temlilt n ukrupi d kifkif deg uglam n Lablée d urar yettwaɛeddan srid ass-a. Amyizwer n wuṭṭunen ɣef uḍebsi, imsenfalenibenkanAmsenfalYiwen seg yiɣunab n wuzzal ɣef tama yeknan i yesseḍrayen takurt mi ara teɣli. Daɣen: canoe, diamond, pin.Ɣer akk → d leḥyuḍ n texxaminibenkanLḥiḍ n taxxamtLḥiḍ n wuzzal gar snat n texxamin ɣef uḍebsi.Ɣer akk → wezzilen d iseɣti n tasut wis 19 mgal imuraren yelmden ad ɛassen takurt. Yiwen yilem d abeddel kan i yennalen assaɣ, yerna yerra-t yelha ugar.
Isteqsiyen
Yexdem tirmiyin s yiḍebsiyen yettezzin deg yiseggasen 1650 ɣef ssebba nniḍen. Tilin-is d ayla-s d awal n tradisyun, mačči d ayen yettwarun. Walit tasna-s.
S turagt deg Palais-Royal alamma d 1837, syin tettwagdel alamma d 1907, mi ttwasirgen daɣen lkazinu deg temdinin n waman iḥman d tid n yiri n lebḥer.
Akken ad mbeddalen yiniten yal tikkelt, ad ttwabḍun adday/afellay d aryan/uyug. Amyizwer swaswa yettwasbedd deg tasut wis 19, ur ibeddel ara seg wass-nni.
Urar s tusnakt
Ɛerḍet-tent s yiman-nwen qbel. Yal tifrat tettwaffer; ldit-tt mi ara tilim twejdem.
Biribi yettarra-d 64 i 1 ɣef yiwen wuṭṭun seg 70, s rrehn: 63 ɣef 1. Acḥal i d lmaziyya-nni? Lemmer yefka-d rrehn ɣef sin wuṭṭunen, acu n lexlaṣidrimenLexlaṣAyen i d-yettak rrehn i yerbḥen, yettwanna «X ɣef 1» nnig rrehn i d-yettuɣalen.Ɣer akk → ara yeǧǧen yiwet n lmaziyya?
Sken-d tifrat
Tiririt Lmaziyya d 6/70, 8,57%. Rrehn ɣef sin wuṭṭunen yili ixelleṣ 31 ɣef 1, d amḍan ummid.
Yiwen wuṭṭun yerbeḥ yiwet n tikkelt deg 70 n yisufaɣ u ixelleṣ 63 n yiferdisenidrimenAferdisRrehn agejdan s wacu i yettxeddem unagraw neɣ amurar. Inagrawen n usnerni ttwaglamen s yiferdisen akken ad ilin i yal ṭṭabla.Ɣer akk →; 69 n yisufaɣ nniḍen xesren 1: (63 − 69)/70 = −6/70, lmaziyya n 8,57%. S wawal nniḍen, lbanka terra-d 64 anda urar n lḥeqqtusnaktUrar n lḥeqqUrar anda ulac win ɣur-s lmaziyya: yal rrehn azal-is yettwaṛǧan d ilem.Ɣer akk → yili yerra-d 70.
Rrehn ɣef sin wuṭṭunen s x ɣef 1 yerbeḥ snat n tikkal deg 70 n yisufaɣ: 2x n yiferdisen yettwarebḥen mgal 68 yexsren, azal yettwaṛǧantusnaktAzal yettwaṛǧanAlemmas n ugmuḍ n yal rrehn deg uɣawas aɣezfan. −1/37 n rrehn i yal rrehn amagnu awrupi.Ɣer akk → n (2x − 68)/70. Sbeddet 2x − 68 = −6: x = 31. D 32 yuɣalen i 1, azgen n 64.
Lexlaṣ n Biribi yeḍfer 64/n yuɣalen i 1, u 64 yettwabḍa s lḥeqq i 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 d 32 n wuṭṭunen, ihi rrhun-a ffɣen-d d ummiden. 36 n rulit yettwabḍa ɣef 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18 d 36, ayen yewulmen i tfelwitibenkanTafelwit n rrhunAẓeṭṭa n rrhun yettwarun ɣef ṭṭabla. Daɣen: ṭṭabla, tajellabt, aceṭṭiḍ.Ɣer akk → s yijerriḍen n kraḍ.
70 n wuṭṭunen n Biribi, yettwasersen s yijerriḍen, ǧǧan amkan i ukkuẓ n rrhun ɣef kraḍ n wuṭṭunen. S walugen n lmaziyya n 8,57% n yiwen wuṭṭun, acḥal ilaq ad ixelleṣ rrehn ɣef kraḍ n wuṭṭunen? Acḥal ara tteklifen lexlaṣ ummiden iqerben?
Sken-d tifrat
Tiririt 20⅓ ɣef 1. Lexlaṣ n 20 ɣef 1 yetteklif 10%; lexlaṣ n 21 ɣef 1, 5,71%.
Alugen n tmsalt nnig-a: rrehn ɣef n n wuṭṭunen yerra-d 64/n i 1. I kraḍ n wuṭṭunen d 64/3 = 21⅓ yuɣalen, neɣ 20⅓ ɣef 1, ur yezmir ara ujiṭunidrimenAjiṭunTamatart i d-yemmalen azal yettwasbedden, yettwasersen ɣef tfelwit akken ad yili rrehn. Daɣen: check.Ɣer akk → ad t-ixelleṣ.
Rrehn ɣef kraḍ n wuṭṭunen s x ɣef 1 yerbeḥ 3 n tikkal deg 70 n yisufaɣ u yexser 67 n tikkal: azal yettwaṛǧan n (3x − 67)/70. S 20 ɣef 1: −7/70, 10%. S 21 ɣef 1: −4/70, 5,71%.
Asqerreb ɣer wadda s tulut n uferdis yetteklif i umurar qrib yiwet n tenqiḍt d wezgen; asqerreb ɣer ufella yerra-d qrib kraḍ n tenqiḍin. Sḍis u tlatin, s waṭas n yibeṭṭun-is, tsellek rulit seg ufran-a ɣef yal rrehn, ala rrehn amarikani ɣef semmus n wuṭṭunen.
Aḍebsi n yigider n tasut wis 19 yesɛa 31 n texxaminibenkanTaxxamtYiwet seg 37 n texxamin s wuṭṭunen ɣef uqerru yettezzin. Daɣen: slot, cup.Ɣer akk →, seg 1 ar 28 d 0, 00 d yigider, u ixelleṣ 27 i 1 ɣef yiwen wuṭṭun. Rrhun-is ɣef tgejditrrehnTagejditTnac n wuṭṭunen deg yiwet n tgejdit tubdidt n tfelwit, ixelleṣ 2:1.Ɣer akk → d yini tteklifen 9,68%. Acḥal ilaq ad ixelleṣ rrehn ɣef ukkuẓ n wuṭṭunen, «i 1», akken ad yetteklif ayen-nni yiwen?
Sken-d tifrat
Tiririt 7 i 1, yetteklif 3/31 = 9,68%.
Rrehn i yixelleṣ X i 1 yerra-d X n yiferdisen, s rrehn, mi ara yerbeḥ. Rrehn ɣef ukkuẓ n wuṭṭunen yerbeḥ 4 n tikkal deg 31, ihi yerra-d 4X n yiferdisen i yal 31 yettwarehnen: azal yettwaṛǧan n (4X − 31)/31.
S 7 i 1 d −3/31, 9,68%, am tgejda d yini. S 8 i 1 yili d +1/31, lmaziyya i umurar. Ihi alugen n uḍebsi n yigider d (28 − n)/n ɣef 1, kraḍ n texxamin n lkazinu seg 31.
Taḍsa i usgunfu
Aḍebsi ingliz, tafelwit n Ṭelyan, isem afransis, sin yilmawen.
Iɣbula
- Lablée, J. La Roulette, ou le Jour.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Bollman, M. Mathematics of the Big Four Casino Table Games: Blackjack, Baccarat, Craps, & Roulette.
- Shelley, R. Roulette Wheel Study.
- Dictionnaire de l’Académie française, taẓrigt tis 4.