François Blanc
Amsefrak n lkazinu i yekksen ilem wis sintawsitSin yilmawenTaxxamt 00 n uḍebsi amarikani. Mi ara tili, lmaziyya n lkazinu tettali seg 2,70% ɣer 5,26%.Ɣer akk →, yerna yefhem swaswa ayen ara d-yawi.
François Blanc (1806–1877) yessekcem-d aḍebsi s yiwen yilem deg Bad Homburg deg 1843 akken ad yesnusen ssuma ɣef lkazinu n temdinin n waman iḥman tiyaḍ, syin yebna Monte Carlo ɣef uḍebsi-nni yakan. «Tikci» i yimuraren tella d asenqes n ssuma i d-yewwin aḥric n ssuq.
Uqbel Homburg
François d gma-s akniw Louis bdan d imsemrasen deg ssuq n yedrimen deg Bordeaux deg yiseggasen 1830, anda i ten-ḥekmen imi fkan ṛṛcwa i yimxeddmen n tiligram akken ad issinen ssuma n lekwaɣeḍ n yedrimen n Paris uqbel ssuq: d yiwen seg yimedyaten imezwura n useqdec n yisallen uqbel wiyaḍ. Deffir lḥebs awezlan, kecmen axeddim n lkazinu, d amezwaru deg Luxembourg, syin ṭṭfen turagt n temdint tamecṭuḥt n waman iḥman Bad Homburg deg 1841.
Yiwen yilem
Homburg temsizwir d temdinin n waman iḥman yettwassnen n Baden-Baden d Wiesbaden, anda iḍebsiyen sɛan sin yilmawenaḍebsiIlemTaxxamt tazegzawt tasuft ur yeṭṭif ula d yiwen n rrehn s lexlaṣ imsawi, n ddzina neɣ n tgejdit; d aɣbalu n lmaziyya n lkazinu. Daɣen: yiwen yilem, 0.Ɣer akk →. Atmaten Blanc ssebɣren aḍebsi s yiwen. Lmaziyya n lkazinutusnaktLmaziyya n lkazinuAḥric n yal rrehn i teṭṭef lkazinu s ulemmas: 2,70% deg rulit tawrupit.Ɣer akk → tenqes seg 5,26% ɣer 2,70%, yerna adellel yura-d iman-is: d lkazinu kan deg Urupa anda assaɣ n umurar yelha s sin n tikkal. Imuraren usan-d, Homburg tettimɣur, timnafsiyin ḍefrent-tt deg taggara. Mačči d lxiṛ. D asenqes n ssuma deg ssuq anda afaris d kifkif, ssuma kan i d afus ara yettwaḥerken.
Monaco
Mi tessekcem Prussia Hesse-Homburg ɣer tmurt-is deg 1866, mi yebda lqmer n Lalman yettfakk (ṭṭwabel tineggura ttwamedlent deg 1872), Blanc yella iṛuḥ yakan. Yuɣ turagt n Monaco i yellan ad tɣelli deg 1863, yerra idrimen deg ubrid n tmacint d yisensa, yesbedd lkazinu am umkan n usgunfu, mačči am tzeqqa n wurar. Yiwen yilem yusa-d yid-s, yuɣal d alugan n Urupa. Twacult Blanc teṭṭef aḥric seg yedrimen n lkazinu n Monaco deg waṭas n tsuta; yelli-s tezweǧ deg yigelliden Radziwiłł, d yiwet n tmeṭṭut seg tarwa n tarwa-s deg Bonaparte.
Ilul deg Courthézon, Vaucluse, akked gma-s akniw Louis.
Bordeaux: asemres, ṛṛcwa i yimxeddmen n tiligram, aḥkam.
Turagt n Bad Homburg.
Aḍebsi s yiwen yilem yettwasekcem deg Homburg.
Yuɣ turagt n Monaco; yesbedd Société des Bains de Mer.
Abrid n tmacint ɣer Monte Carlo yettwaldi.
Lkazinu n Lalman ttwamedlen; Monte Carlo d urar kan i yeqqimen deg tmurt tameqqrant.
Yemmut deg Swis, d yiwen seg yirgazen imeṛkantiyen akk n Urupa.
Ayen i yefhem
Belli lmaziyya n lkazinu d ssuma, belli imuraren ttemqabalen ssuma ula ma ur zmiren ara ad ten-ḥesben, yerna belli ssuma yenqes s waṭas n rrhun yif ssuma yennernan s drus n rrhun. Idrimen n Monte Carlo s 2,70% ugaren s waṭas wid n Homburg s 5,26% imi llan ugar n yimuraren, ugar n ṭṭwabel d ugar n tuzzyiwin. Leḥsab n lexsara yettwaṛǧantusnaktLexsara yettwaṛǧanAzal yettwaṛǧan seg tmerna n yidrimen yettwarhen; d alemmas n wayen yettwaxsar deg yiwet n tɣimit neɣ deg yiwen wakud.Ɣer akk → (lmaziyya × amḍan n rrhun meṛṛaidrimenAmḍan n rrhun meṛṛaTamerna n yidrimen yettwarhen deg yiwet n tɣimit neɣ deg yiwen wakud, s rrbeḥ i yettuɣalen yettwarhen. Daɣen: handle, action.Ɣer akk →) yella d tamudemt n uxeddim-is uqbel ad t-yaru yiwen i yimuraren.
Ayen i d-yeǧǧa
Yal aḍebsi s yiwen yilem deg umaḍal d ayla n Blanc. Akken daɣen amkan n usgunfu s lkazinu n tura: tikti belli lkazinu d aḥric seg yiwen n wadeg s yisensa, axxam n wopira d tmeḥṭṭa n tmacint. Aḍebsi amarikani yeǧǧa ilem wis sin imi ulac Blanc i d-yusan ad yesnusen ssuma-s; aḍebsi s kraḍ yilmawen n 2016 d tigawt mgal-as, yettwaxdem anda imuraren ur sɛin ara Monte Carlo ara ttemqabalen yid-s.
Isteqsiyen
D netta i t-id-yessekcmen, i t-yerran d ayen yettwassnen. Ahat iḍebsiyen s yiwen yilem ttwaɛerḍen uqbel; Homburg terra-t d tasertit.
D imgaradi. Amḍan n rrhun yuli ugar n wayen yenqes uḥric n rrbeḥ.
D isem n leqdeṛ i s-yefka yiwen umaru n yiɣmisen imi yerra yiwet n temdint tamecṭuḥt n waman iḥman d tamaneɣt n lqmer n Urupa deg mraw n yiseggasen.
Taḍsa i usgunfu
D asenqes n ssuma, mačči d tikci. Amḍan n rrhun yexdem ayen nniḍen.
Iɣbula
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.