Imuraren n rulit yettwassnen

Joseph Jagger (1830–1892)

D amsewweq n yiceṭṭiḍen seg Shelf, qrib n Bradford, i yesɛan takebbanit deg Manchester i yeɣlin deg 1860. Ɣer 1880 iṛuḥ ɣer Monte Carlo, yerra wid ara yarun igmaḍ n yiḍebsiyen, yerhen ɣef wuṭṭunen i d-yettuɣalen s waṭas. Aglam amezwaru, adlis n Victor Bethell n 1901, yenna-d yerbeḥ £120 000, yexser seg-s £40 000, iṛuḥ s wazal n £80 000, qrib sin n yimelyunen n yifrank, yerna lkazinu deg tazwara tettbeddil iḍebsiyen-is seg ṭṭabla ɣer tayeḍ yal iḍ, syin tessuter-d wiyaḍ imaynuten s leḥyuḍ yettembiwilen. Ula d yiwen n uɣmis n zzman-nni ur d-yenni rrbeḥ-a, yerna lekwaɣeḍ n lkazinu n yiseggasen-nni ruḥen. Tamaru n tudert-is Anne Fletcher (2018), d yelli-s n yelli-s n yelli-s n yelli-s n gma-s, terra tarzeft tamezwarut ɣer 1880 neɣ 1881, mačči ɣer 1873 neɣ 1875 akken qqaren yimeslayen iqburen. Sḍis n yimaruyen yettwaxelṣen d ayla n Bethell; umuɣ n tẓa n wuṭṭunen d ujerreḥ i yettwannan yeqqes deg uḍebsi banen-d i tikkelt tamezwarut deg 1951, ulac ayen i ten-yesbeggnen. Mi yemmut deg 1892, ayla-s yella d amecṭuḥ. Tasna n Joseph Jagger tesleḍ-d akk ibeggnen.

Joseph Jagger: tastratijit n rulit deg Monte Carlo

Charles Wells (1841–1922)

D aɣeccac d umesnulfu i d-yewwḍen ɣer Monte Carlo deg 1891 s yedrimen i d-yejmeɛ i yiwen n usnulfu n tkerkas, yerreẓ lbanka aṭas n tikkal deg kra n wussan, yerbeḥ azal n £40 000 s uzrar yessewhamen. Yenna-d yesɛa anagraw ur nettɣelliḍ, werǧin i t-id-yessegza. Yuɣal d «The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo» deg yiwet n tezlit n music-hall, yexser aḥric seg yedrimen deg tegrest-nni, yerna yezri tuget n tudert-is deg lḥebs ɣef tkerkas. Akken yebɣu yili unagraw-is, agmuḍ-is d zzher.

Argaz i yesserẓen lbanka

Hibbs d Walford (1947)

Deg 1947, sin n yinelmaden n University of Chicago, Albert Hibbs, i yettfakkan master deg tusnakt, d Roy Walford, anelmad n tujjya, zrin asteɛfu deg Reno ttarun tuzzyiwin. Ttnadin ɣef yiḍebsiyen anda kra n wuṭṭunen ttuɣalen-d ugar n wayen yettaǧǧa 1 seg 38, ufan-d kra, rehnen fell-asen, syin ṛuḥen ɣer Las Vegas. Asezggay Life yeḥka-d taqsiḍt deg Dujembir 1947 s uzwel «How to Win $6 500»; imeslayen i d-yeḍfren, gar-asen win n Hibbs s timmad-is, fkan-d amatu meqqren ugar, yerna Thorp, deg 1998, yerra-tt ɣer 1949–50. S yedrimen-nni uɣen aɣerrabu s ccṛaɛ n 40 n yiḍarren, qqimen ugar n yiwen useggas deg Caraïbes. Hibbs iṛuḥ ɣer Jet Propulsion Laboratory, anda yuɣal d taɣect-is yettwassnen akk ɣer medden, Walford yuɣal d anegmi ɣef tewser. D rrbeḥ amezwaru deg Marikan s umyal n uḍebsi i yettwarun akken iwata, d ayen i yella deg lexaṭer n Thorp deg 1955 mi yefra belli iḍebsiyen yettwaxedmen akken iwata ilaq ad ttwaɣelben s tfizikt.

Norman Leigh (1966)

Deg unebdu n 1966, Norman Leigh, d Angliz i yuran belli baba-s yexser akk deg rulit, yewwi tarbaɛt n tnac ɣer Casino Municipal deg Nice. Akken i d-yenna netta, uraren LabouchèretastratijitLabouchèreAnagraw n tukksa: aru ajerriḍ n wuṭṭunen, rhen s tmerna n sin yixfawen, kkes-iten deffir rrbeḥ, rnu adrim yexsren deffir lexsara.Ɣer akk → amettiw ɣef sḍis n rrhun s lexlaṣ imsawi meṛṛa ɣef snat n ṭṭwabel, rebḥen aṭas deg kra n yiḍan, syin ttwaḥebsen mi tmedel lkazinu ṭṭwabel, tegdel-iten seg lkazinu n Faransa. Adlis-is, Thirteen Against the Bank (1976), d anagi ummid kan, yerna leḥsabat-is ur zmiren ara ad ttwasneqden. Anagraw ur yezmir ara ad ten-yessegzi: Labouchère amettiw yessexsar 1,35% n umḍan n rrhun meṛṛaidrimenAmḍan n rrhun meṛṛaTamerna n yidrimen yettwarhen deg yiwet n tɣimit neɣ deg yiwen wakud, s rrbeḥ i yettuɣalen yettwarhen. Daɣen: handle, action.Ɣer akk → s la partagealugenLa partageAlugen afransis: mi ara d-yeffeɣ yilem, azgen n rrehn s lexlaṣ imsawi yettuɣal-d. Yessenqas lmaziyya n lkazinu ɣef rrhun-a ɣer uzgen, d 1,35%.Ɣer akk →, yerna yettrebḥ kan deg kra n tɣimiyin anda ajerriḍ yettali alamma d talast (walit Labouchère). Tnac n yimuraren ɣef sḍis n rrhun deg kra n yiḍan uraren aṭas n tɣimiyin, kra seg-sent ilaq ad ilint d rrbeḥ meqqren, yerna lkazinu mi tmedel urar ur teǧǧi ara zzher ad yemsawi.

Lexrafa: tastratijit n rulit i yettrebḥen yal tikkeltTastratijit Labouchère

Thorp d Shannon (1961)

Edward Thorp, i d-yuɣalen syin ad yeɣleb blackjack s leḥsab n tkarḍiwin, d Claude Shannon, amesbedd n tiẓri n yisallen, bnan aselkim amezwaru yettwalsan: allal s teɣzi n tbewwaṭ n lgaṛu i yettaktazalen takurtibenkanTakurtTakurt tamecṭuḥt i yettwaḍeqqren deg ubrid mgal aqerru yettezzin. Tikurin n tura d ivorine neɣ d Teflon, 18–21 mm.Ɣer akk → d uqerru yettezzin (rotor)ibenkanAqerru yettezzin (rotor)Aḥric n uḍebsi yettezzin i yeṭṭfen tixxamin.Ɣer akk →, yettazen ṣṣut ɣer tmeẓẓuɣt i d-yettinin yiwen seg tam n yiḥricen n uḍebsi. Yeddi deg tesraft n Shannon ɣef uḍebsi i yuɣen, tikwal deg Las Vegas, anda ifilen ttherrisen, tameẓẓuɣt tettban. Ḥebsen ɣef ssebbat n tilawt; Thorp yessken-d anagraw deg 1966, yeglem-it s telqayt deg 1979 d 1984 (walit Urar n lmaziyya).

Eudaemons (1976–1981)

Yiwet n terbaɛt n yinelmaden n tfizikt deg Santa Cruz bnan iselkimen imeẓyanen umḍinen ara lsen deg lkazinu: yiwen umurar yettaktazal aḍebsi s tqeffalin n yiḍudan n uḍar, aselkim yettak-d tagzemtaḍebsiTagzemtAḥric n texxamin yemmeḍfaren ɣef uḍebsi, mačči d tagrumma ɣef tfelwit.Ɣer akk →, amurar wis sin yettaṭṭaf ayen i d-yenna uselkim s tergagit, yettrehin fell-as. Deg 1977 d 1978 aselkim yettwaqqen ddaw uɣil; lqem i d-yeḍfren, yettwasbedden deg wadda n usebbaḍ, iṛuḥ ɣer Las Vegas deg Nunembir 1981, yerna yeɣleb-it ṣṣut n trisiti n lkazinu. Ikayaden-nsen ɛehden lmaziyya n 44%, taɣimit-nsen tamezwarut taɣezfant ɣef ṭṭabla n tidet tefka-d azal n 25%. Allal-nsen drus i yeddi aṭas n wakud: ifilen yerxan, tiyitiwin n trisiti, d yiwet n tikkelt aḥriq seg yifilen yeḥman, fukkan aṭas n tɣimiyin. Rebḥen kra n yigiman n yidulaṛen s rrhun imecṭuḥen n dime d quarter, ṣerfen azal n $15 000, ǧǧan-d adlis yelhan. Tasna n Eudaemons teḥka-d taqsiḍt.

The Eudaemons

Richard Jarecki (1931–2018)

D aṭbib amarikani i d-ilulen deg Lalman i yuran, akked tmeṭṭut-is Carol d kra n yimɛawnen, igmaḍ n yiḍebsiyen s yiwen yilemaḍebsiIlemTaxxamt tazegzawt tasuft ur yeṭṭif ula d yiwen n rrehn s lexlaṣ imsawi, n ddzina neɣ n tgejdit; d aɣbalu n lmaziyya n lkazinu. Daɣen: yiwen yilem, 0.Ɣer akk → deg lkazinu n Urupa deg yiseggasen 1960 d tazwara n yiseggasen 1970, ugar deg Sanremo, yerhen ɣef wuṭṭunen i d-yettuɣalen s waṭas. Akken i d-tenna Carol Jarecki, yiwen uḍebsi yezmer ad yeṭṭef ugar n 10 000 n tuzzyiwin d yiwen wayyur meṛṛa. Aḍris n tmettant n 2018 yenna-d belli, akken qqaren aṭas, yerbeḥ ugar n $1,2 n yimelyunen; awal-a werǧin yettwasenqed. Yenna i yimaruyen n yiɣmisen belli aselkim n University of London yefra urar; aḍris n tmettant n 2018 d umazray n rulit Russell Barnhart qqaren d aɣummu kan i tmuɣli tafessast. Sanremo tessuter-as ad yebɛed deg Yennayer 1969, tegdel-it d amqemmer n uxeddim deg Fuṛar, tqebel-it-id deg kra n wussan, tbeddel adeg n ṭṭwabel-is, deg taggara tbeddel azal n snat n ddzinat n yiḍebsiyen. Yuɣal ɣer Marikan deg 1973 neɣ 1974. Imeslayen n zzman-nni fkan-d ugar n telqayt.

Richard Jarecki: anagraw n rulit

Gonzalo García-Pelayo (ilul deg 1947)

D amsufeɣ n tezlatin d umsileɣ n yisaragen n Spenyul i yuran, akked warraw-is d warraw n watmaten-is, azal n 5 000 n tuzzyiwin i yal aḍebsi deg Casino Gran Madrid, beṛṛa n temdint, seg taggara n 1991, yerhen ɣef texxaminibenkanTaxxamtYiwet seg 37 n texxamin s wuṭṭunen ɣef uqerru yettezzin. Daɣen: slot, cup.Ɣer akk → yezwaren. Akken qqaren yisefka-s, taxxamt yelhan akk terbeḥ yiwet n tikkelt deg 28 n tuzzyiwin, lmaziyya tella azal n 6%; yenna-d rrbeḥ yewweḍ 200 ar 250 n yimelyunen n pesetas deg kra n lkazinu. Lkazinu tegdel twacult, tanabaḍt tekkes agdel, lkazinu tuɣal ɣer lmeḥkama aṭas n tikkal, ur tt-yeddi ara; tikkelt taneggarut deg Lmeḥkama Tunnigt deg Yunyu 2004. Lmeḥkama tenna-d belli imuraren sseqdacen tiḥrecṭi d uselkim, ulac ayen nniḍen, yerna tiririt n lḥeqq n lkazinu d abeddel n wadeg n yiḍebsiyen-is, abeddel n yiḥricen-nsen neɣ ad ten-tebnu akken yelha ugar. Tasna n Gonzalo García-Pelayo teḥka-tt-id s telqayt.

Gonzalo García-Pelayo: anagraw n rulitRulit deg Urupa

Kraḍ n Ritz (2004)

Kraḍ n yimuraren, sin n yirgazen d yiwet n tmeṭṭut seg Yugoslavia taqdimt d Hungary, rebḥen azal n £1,3 n yimelyunen deg snat n yiḍan deg Meɣres 2004 deg Ritz Club deg London, rehnen deg taggara ɣef tegrummiwin timecṭuḥin n wuṭṭunen imidagen. Iɣmisen nnan-d aṣekkan n laser yeffren deg tiliɣri; ulac allal am wa i d-yettwaskanen. Ttwaṭṭfen, ttwaserrḥen, deg Dujembir 2004 lpulis teǧǧa ccekwa, terra-d idrimen, imi alugen aqdim mgal lɣecc ur yewwiḍ ara ɣer wayen xedmen. Aglam n Bloomberg n 2023 ɣef unemhal-nsen, d Akrwati yettwassnen s yisem Niko Tosa, yeqqar-d tifin uqbel s tiṭ ɣef uḍebsi yeknan cwiṭ, mačči s yiwen n wallal. Gambling Act 2005 yesbeddel tuccḍa taqdimt n lqanun s tayeḍ yeldin ugar, n lɣecc, yettwasekcem seg 2007; ma yella yeṭṭef tifin uqbel s tiṭ, werǧin yettwaɛreḍ deg lmeḥkama. D rrbeḥ aneggaru ameqqran, ɣef wallen n medden, mgal rulit s tifin uqbel.

Ayen yemsasan gar yimuraren n rulit i yerbḥen

Yal win i yerbḥen, yettwarun, ama yeskasel aḍebsi (Jagger, Hibbs d Walford, Jarecki, García-Pelayo) ama yufa uqbel anda ara teḥbes tkurt (Thorp, Eudaemons, tarbaɛt n Ritz). Ula d yiwen ur yerbiḥ s yiwen ulugen n rrhun, yerna amurar kan yettwassnen s unagraw, Wells, yerra aḥric deg kra n wayyuren, yekfa deg lḥebs. Yal tarrayt i sseqdacen tettwamdel deg taggara s lkazinu i ibeddlen aḍebsi, ilugan neɣ alugen. Tisniwin n Tnarit ssegzayent-d tarrayin; tasna-a tessegza-d acuɣer teslam s drus n yimdanen kan.

Isteqsiyen